The Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS)- there are still issues that need to be addressed. Despite the existence of performance testing/external quality assessment schemes (PT/EQA) - e.g. Unfortunately, the vast majority of studies published to date include unstandardized 25(OH)D data. Failure to utilize standardized 25(OH)D data is a major contributor to confusion surrounding vitamin D status. Standardization is the process whereby all laboratories and assays are brought into alignment with the “true concentration” based on gold standard reference measurement procedures and certified reference materials. Laboratory standardization of vitamin D is a necessary element in developing consensus regarding the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels to define hypovitaminosis D. In this report, we present a summary of our findings.ġ.1 Vitamin D assay standardization: an update The topics were considered by 3 focus groups and divided into three main areas: 1) “Laboratory”: assays and threshold values to define vitamin D status 2) “Clinical”: sources of vitamin D and risk factors and role of vitamin D in non-skeletal disease and 3) “Therapeutics”: controversial issues on observational studies and recent randomized controlled trials. The therapeutic role of vitamin D and findings from recent clinical trials were also addressed.

Non-skeletal aspects related to vitamin D were also discussed, including the reproductive system, neurology, chronic kidney disease and falls. New areas were reviewed, including vitamin D threshold values and how they should be defined in the context of specific diseases, sources of vitamin D and risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency. sufficiency, insufficiency and deficiency) were also revisited.

Definitions of vitamin D nutritional status (i.e. Several issues from the first conference, held in 2017, were revisited, such as assays used to determine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, which remains a critical and controversial issue for defining vitamin D status. The aim of this meeting was to address ongoing controversies and timely topics in vitamin D research, to review available data related to these topics and controversies, to promote discussion to help resolve lingering issues and ultimately to suggest a research agenda to clarify areas of uncertainty. The 2 nd International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D was held in Monteriggioni (Siena), Italy, September 11-14, 2018.

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